Module 4: Structure of a dramatic work
4.5. Symbolism and metaphors

Symbolism and metaphor play an important role in drama, as well as in literature in general. They help to enrich the meaning of the work, create deep and meaningful images, and evoke emotional reactions from viewers or readers. Here are some key aspects of symbolism and metaphor in drama:

1.       Character symbolism: Often characters in a drama become symbols of certain ideas, qualities, or sociocultural aspects. For example, an anti-hero character can symbolize evil, and the main character can symbolize good.

2.     Symbolism of objects and places: In drama, as in literature, certain objects, places, or actions can have a deep symbolic meaning. For example, a lighthouse in a drama can symbolize hope or a landmark, and a desert can be a symbol of loneliness and helplessness.

3.     Metaphors: Metaphors are tricks where one idea or concept is associated with another to enhance perception and understanding. Metaphors can be used to create images, enhance moods, and convey complex concepts. For example, "the sea of boundless feelings" is a metaphor where the sea is associated with a variety of human emotions.

4.    Symbolic actions: In literature and art, symbolic actions can be used to express concepts, ideas, and emotions through the actions of characters or plot elements. These actions carry a deep symbolic meaning that expands the understanding of the work. For example, if a character throws keys into the fire, it can symbolize a break from the past or a break in important connections.

5.     Symbolic Colors: In art and literature, colors can be used as symbols to express certain concepts or emotions. For example, red is often associated with passion and danger, while blue is often associated with calm and melancholy.

6.     Symbolic Nature: In some works of art, nature can serve as a symbol of certain ideas or states. For example, in literature, a dense forest can symbolize confusion or misdirection, while the blooming of spring can symbolize rebirth and hope.

7.     Symbolic animals: Animals can also have a symbolic meaning. For example, lions can symbolize strength and power, crows - death and secrets, and butterflies-transformation and change.

In dramaturgy, there are frequently encountered symbols, their use does not lead to stereotyping of the play, on the contrary, it can reveal the meaning of the work more fully and clearly for the viewer, as well as the discrepancy between the symbol and its usual meaning, and can serve as an original director's move.

Here are some examples of well-known symbols and their typical meanings in drama:

1.   Chessboard:

o    Meaning: Often used as a symbol of strategy, intrigue, and interaction between characters. It's often found in plays and movies where characters play chess and every move counts.

2. Skeleton:

o    Meaning: The skeleton can symbolize secrets and hidden aspects of characters or events. Often it is associated with past deeds that come back to tell about themselves.

3. Mirror:

o    Meaning: The mirror is often used to reflect the internal states and conflicts of characters. It can symbolize self-understanding and the search for truth.

4. Key:

o Meaning: A key can represent access to secrets, problem solving, or the ability to open new paths. It often symbolizes power and control.

5. Red Rose:

o Meaning: The red rose is often used in drama as a symbol of passion, love and romance. It can also symbolize blood and sacrifice.

6. Mask:

o    Meaning: The mask can symbolize concealment and duplication of personality. In drama, it is often used to display lies and deceit.

7. Hours:

o    Meaning: Clocks often symbolize the inescapable movement of time and the inevitable fate of characters. They can be used to show tension and a slow increase in tension.

8. Shadow:

o Meaning: The shadow represents hidden or dark aspects of the character's personality that they may try to hide from others. This symbol can indicate internal conflicts and doubts.

9. Bird:

o    Meaning: A symbol of freedom and spirituality. It is often used to express the desire to free oneself from limitations or to represent the soul.

10.     Dilapidated building:

o    Meaning: Represents the decline or destruction of something, be it relationships, social structures, or personal values.

Symbolism plays an important role in literature, art, and culture, helping authors and artists express complex ideas and emotions through visual and textual elements. It adds depth to the works and allows readers or viewers to explore different levels of interpretation.