Module 2: Biological Psychology
2.2. Hormonal effects on the psyche
Psychology as the science of human behavior and mental processes studies many factors, including biological ones. One of the key biological factors that influence our mood and emotions is hormones. In this lecture, we will look at how different hormones affect our mental state.
Hormones are chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands such as the thyroid, pancreas, and pituitary gland. They are carried through the blood or lymph to various organs and tissues in the body and regulate various physiological processes. Hormones perform important functions such as controlling growth and development, regulating metabolism, maintaining energy balance, and reproductive function.
Formation and release of hormones:
Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands or in some other organs, such as the kidneys, heart, and fetal placenta. They are produced in response to signals received from the nervous system or other hormones. Once formed, hormones are released into the bloodstream and delivered to target organs and tissues.
Different types of hormones:
There are many different types of hormones, each of which performs its own specific function in the body:
• Peptide hormones: Hormones such as insulin and glucagon are peptide-based and consist of amino acid chains. They regulate blood sugar levels and metabolism.
• Steroid hormones: This group includes hormones such as estrogens, testosterone, and cortisol. Steroid hormones are formed from cholesterol and play an important role in the reproductive system, metabolism and adaptation to stress.
• Amino acid hormones: these include, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which play a role in the stress response and control of the nervous system.
• Fat hormones: This group includes, for example, the hormones leucine and adiponectin, which are associated with the regulation of metabolism and energy balance.
Functions of hormones:
Hormones perform a wide range of functions in the body. Here are some of them:
• Regulation of growth and development: Hormones such as growth hormone play an important role in the growth of the body and the development of tissues.
• Reproductive function: Hormones such as estrogens and testosterone control puberty, menstrual cycles, and reproductive capacity.
• Regulation of metabolism: various hormones, including insulin, thyroxine and cortisol, control the metabolism, maintaining optimal levels of glucose, fat and protein in the body.
• Regulation of energy balance: Fat hormones such as leucine and adiponect in control appetite and food intake, as well as metabolic processes.
• Stress response: Hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol respond to stressful situations, increasing energy levels and preparing the body to fight or run away.
• Regulating mood and behavior: Certain hormones, such as serotonin and dopamine, play a role in controlling mood, sleep, and behavior.
The most important hormones and their effect on mood:
1. Estrogens and progesterone
Estrogens and progesterone play an important role in women's mood.
Fluctuations in the levels of these hormones can cause symptoms such as depression and irritability.
2. Testosterone
Testosterone, the main male sex hormone, also has an effect on mood.
Low testosterone levels can lead to poorer mood and energy levels.
3. Serotonin
Serotonin, known as the" happiness hormone, " plays a role in regulating mood and sleep.
Low serotonin levels may be associated with depression and anxiety.
4. Cortisol
Cortisol, a stress hormone, can cause feelings of anxiety and irritability at elevated levels.
Effects of hormonal changes:
1. Adolescence
Adolescence is accompanied by significant hormonal changes, which can affect mood and behavior.
2. Menopause and climax
In women, menopause and climax are associated with changes in estrogen levels, which can cause mood disorders.
Hormones have a profound effect on our mood and emotions. Understanding this connection can help in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, as well as in managing the emotional state in everyday life. Remember that changes in hormone levels are natural processes, and it is always wise to consult a doctor or psychologist for mood disorders.
